Sociology...
Social integration...
Social institution...
Social interaction...
Social groups...
Social inequality...
Social stratification...
Social mobility...
Social force...
Socialization... Confuse? Now u know how suffer i am...
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Methodology/Research Method
purpose:
1. check presumed validity of existing theories
2. produce information
3. develop new theories explain how our lives are influenced by various social forces.
method:
survey, observation, experiment, analysis of existing data.
Survey:
1. ask Q abt opinion, beliefs or behaviors
2. method: f-to-f, telephone interveiw or paper-pencil format.
A)Sampling: random/systematic/stratified sampling.
B)Questionnaires & interviews: self-administered questionnaires(multiple choice or true-false)/personal(structured or unstructured interviews)/telephone interviews.
Observation:
1. rely on ourselves to go where the action is and to watch what is happening.
2. detached/participant observation.
Ethnography:
1. an analysis of ppl's lives in their own perspectives.
2. focus more on meaning(what subject think/believe) than activities(what subject do/how they behave).
Analysis of existing data:
1. impossible to gather new info or conduct interview/observation because the ppl we want to study are long dead.
2. secondary analysis-search for new knowledge in the data collected earlier by another researcher.
research ethics:
1. ensure welfare of participants
2. be honest and disclose all details of their research
3. shd not do research that could be harmful to the society.
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Society
1. is a collection of interacting individuals who share the same way of live and living in the same territory.
2. in a society, members can be from a different ethnic group.
3. a higly complex society may have many diverse characteristics & conflicts because of the society's foundation.
Statuses:
1. the position in the society
2. ppl behave according to their statuses
3. sometimes being ranked
4. we have so many statuses, mainly ascribed & achieved status
A) Ascribed status:
>> a status that one has no control over
>> given to us independently on what we do
>> it based on race, sex, and age.
B) Achieved status:
>> a status that is attained through an individual's own actions
5. despite our many statuses, we are usually influenced by only one status when we interact with others.
A) Master status: dominates a relationships
B) Subordinate status: does not dominate
Roles:
1. every status has their roles
2. role is a set of expectations of what individual should do in accordance with a particular status that they hold.
A) Role Set: an array of roles is attached to one particular role
B) Role performance: how a person actually carries out the role
C) Prescribed role: expectation held in society regarding how an individual with a particular status should behave
D) Role conflict: expected to play 2 conflicting roles of our 2 different status at the same time.
E) Role strain: stress caused by the demand from the role of a single status.
Social Aggregate:
a collection of ppl in one place but dint interact with each another.
Social group:
a collection of ppl who interact with one another and have certain feeling of unity.
A) Primary group:
>> a group of members interact informally, relate to each other as a whole person, and enjoy their relationship, lasting for years.
B) Secondary group:
>> a group of members interact formally, relate to each other as a player of particular roles, expect to profits from each other
>> no emotional ties, the communication is bound by formalities
>> self-centered goal, short term relationship
Social institution:
a set of widely shared beliefs, norms and procedures necessary for meeting the basic needs of society.
Society Sosiocultural Revolution:
1. a process of changing from a simple to complex society.
2. societies can be classified into categories based on the technologies used to produce food.
3. 1st phrase: hunting & gathering, pastoral, horticultural, agricultural
2nd phrase: industrial, information
A) Hunting & gathering:
>> oldest and most egalitarian society in the world
>> a human group depending on hunting & gathering for its survival which usually consists of 25-40ppl
>> nomadic: moving from one place to another as the food supply of the area are given out
>> use simple tools: spears & hand
>> no leader & most decisions are arrived at through discussion
>> influenced spiritual forces and help to obtain food
>> division of labor: Men(hunting wild animal) & women and children (gathering)
B)Pastoral societies:
>> a society based on pasturing the animals
>> domesticate and herd the animal as their primary source of food
>> nomadic: constantly on the move, looking for fresh grazing grounds for their herds
C)Horticultural societies:
>> a society based on cultivating plants by the use of hand tools
>> not nomadic/ permanent settlement: tropical forest in Africa, Asia, Australia
>> labor division: Men (clear forest) & women (cultivating)
>> religion: believe in god & perform religious ritual (to appease the spirit of their dead ancestors)
>> Warriors hold power and prestige
D)Agricultural societies:
>> a society based on large-scale agriculture
>> farmers cultivate a land continuously and intensively
>> some give up farming and become tailors/shoemakers- help city emerge
>> society is headed by a dictator with power- believe leader has divine power
>> hierarchy
E)Industrial societies:
>> a society based on harnessing of machine powered by fuels
>> steam engine was 1st used to run machinery (earlier machine-use wind and water mills depend on human and animals power)
>> invention of automobile, telephone, radio, movies, jet airline- have affected our life significantly
F)Information /post industrial societies:
>> society based on information, services, high technology rather than on raw materials and manufacturing
>> produce food so efficiently that high technology & service dominate the society
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Culture
1. a designed for living
2. a complex whole of consisting objects, values, & other characteristics that ppl acquire as member of society
3. Material society: material objects that distinguish a group of ppl
Non-material society: a group's ways of thinking and doing
A)Material society:
>> object reflect the nature of society in which they were made
B)Non-material society:
>> abstract entities that influence ppl include:
>>(i)knowlegde & belief : objective & subjective idea/unverifiable
>>(ii)norms & values : social rule specify how ppl shd behave(folkways & mores) & socially shared ideas what is good, desirable or important.
>>(iii)symbols & language : a word, gesture, music or anything that stand for some other thing, eg: language.
Functionalist perspective: culture meets human needs
1. culture serves basic need(food and shelter) & higher need(psychological security, social harmony, spiritual fulfillment)
2. central function: ensure social order & stability
3. without culture, human society cnt survive
Conflict perspective: culture supports social inequality
1. 1st: culture reflect the interest of rich & powerful in society
2. 2nd:
>> protect status quo from alienating effects of social and economic oppression/ cruel exercise of power
>> believe that powerful deserve their riches & privileges because of their great intelligence and hard work
>> the powerless blame themselves for being poor and join the powerful in supporting status quo of social inequality
Symbolic perspective: culture reflects shared understanding
1. portray human as being free
2. culture is a shared understanding that people use to coordinate their activities. therefore, human as being free to create/change culture.
3. culture is a:
(i)guide to social interaction:
>> unable us to think & behave without have to question the meaning of every thought & behavior
>> has not been a perfect/useful guide because social environment changes continuously
>> its fixed & inherited from the past
(ii)product of interaction:
>> it changing, continuously created by ppl today
Ethnocentrism VS Cultural Relativism
(A)Ethnocentrism: attitude that one's own cultural is superior to those of other ppl
(B)Cultural Relativism: belief that cultural must be understood on its own word.
[hopes cultural dint include socialization]
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Sex & Gender with Family Institution
Gender Roles:
1. the pattern of attitude & behaviour that a society expects of its member because they are female/male
2. gender roles based on:
A) stereotypes : abt how men & women behave
>>women:homemaker, take care of family
>>men:work outside, provide food for family
B)discrimination : abt how men & women shd behave
>>women: shy, passive, weak, emotional, cry easily, sexually passive, dependent
>>men: ambitious, aggressive, strong, control emotions, sexually experienced
Gender socialization:
we are born to be female/male but we learn to become women/men
Socialization Agent-The Family:
1. influenced by parents, develop a sexual identity & learn gender roles
2. (i)at birth:
>> Girls: (pink color, handle more gently, given dolls)
>> Boys: (blue color, given action figures)
(ii)conversation:
>> thought to differentiate he/his & she/her
>> use more words abt feeling/emotions to girls
>> girls emphasize agreement & boys use more threatening and dominating languages
3. G: ladylike, polite, gentle, express emotion freely
B: avoid being sissies, dont cry, maintain macho image, exploitative attitude, assertive
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Social institution-FAMILY
Family type:
A)Family orientation: the family in which one grows up, made up of oneself, one's parents & siblings
B)Family procreation: established through marriage, consisting of oneself, one's spouse & children
Family Composition:
A)Nuclear family:
>> consisting of 2parents & their unmarried children
>> also called conjugal family because its member are related by virtue of the marriage btw parents
B)Extended family:
>> consisting of 2parents, their unmarried children, & other relatives
>> also called consanguine family because their blood tie among relatives is considered more important than the marital bond
Mate Selection:
A)arrangement marriage: partners are selected by the couple's parents is very common
B)exogamy: the act of marrying someone from outside one's group such as clan, tribe, village
C)endogamy: the act of marrying someone from within one's own group
D)monogamy: marriage of 1 man & 1 women
E)polygamy: marriage of one person to 2/more ppl of the opposite sex
F)polyandry: marriage of 1women to 2/more men
G)polygyny: marriage of 1men to 2/more women
H)serial monogamy: marriage of 1person to 2/more ppl but only one at a time
Residence:
A)Neolocal residence: a home where the married couple live by themselves, away from both husband's & wife's families
B)Patrilocal residence: a home where the married couple live with the husband's family
C)Matrilocal residence: a home where the married couple live with the wife's family
Authority:
A)Patriarchal family: dominant figure is the eldest male
B)Matriarchal family: dominant figure is the eldest female
C)Egalitariat family: authority is equally distributed btw husband &wife
Functionalist perspectives: Family function
(i)sexual regulation:
>> impose some control on who may have sex with whom
>> premarital sex to determine whether a girl is fertile & to prepare adolescents for marriage
>> extramarital sex under condition that do not disturb family stability (eg: offer wives to overnight guests as a gestures of hostility)
(ii)reproduction:
>> produce children to replace the older adults who die
>> traditional societies, children considered precious
>> modern societies, children rewarded with tax deductions
(iii)emotional security:
>> children shape personalities & create hard-to-break patterns from family
>> need comfort & reassurance
(iv)socialization:
>> transmits its values to the new generation
(v)economic cooperation:
>> children need physical care: food, clothing, shelter
>> family members cooperate as economic unit, working to earn income/ doing household chores to minimize expenditures
Conflict perspectives: Violence & Exploitation
(i)violence:
>> family is the most violence institution
>> anger, physical punishment, spouse slapping e/other
>> few group in society empowered by law/tradition to hit its members
>> it is legal to spank a children as a form of punishment
>> many husband who strike their wives are not arrested/prosecuted/imprisoned
(ii)exploitation:
>> family is a mechanism for men's exploitation of women
>> men are paid for their work outside the home meanwhile women are not paid for their work inside the home
>> if women are paid for her services as a mother & homemaker, she would earn more than most the men do
>> by devaluing women's housework, family serve the interest for male exploitation
>> even both working, wive generally do most of the housework
Conflict perspective: Interaction & happiness
1. focus on immediate issues, such as how the interaction btw husband & wife can bring marital happiness/unhappiness
2. types of interaction toward marital happiness:
(i)positive interaction: act of thoughtful friendliness such as touching, smiling, & paying compliments
(ii)negative interaction: act of thoughtless nastiness such as ignoring, criticizing, & calling name
Alternatives lifestyle:
(i)staying single: reason for the increase in committed single-hood:
>> social pressure to get married has declined
>> opportunity for single to have a good life has expanded
(ii)living together:
>> couple live together without have any marriage ceremony
>> cohabitation has spread through among college student & young working adults
>> most cohabitants live like marriage couple & intend to marry eventually
(iii)gay & lesbian marriage:
>> has been legalized in Canada, Belgium, Netherlands
>> have same legal protections & financial benefits as heterosexual couples
>> have children - from earlier heterosexual relationship, adopted / born through artificial insemination
>> tend to have an egalitarian relationship- have same gender roles
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Now left with:
Social interaction
Group & Organization
i wish to cont, but its late now... going to campus! good luck for me!
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Social social social...society society society...
